Massage therapy, at its core, is an ancient practice that has been utilized and perfected across various cultures spanning centuries. It is a meticulous science that delicately intertwines with the art of human touch, leading to holistic healing and revitalization. This intricate balance is achieved through various massage techniques, each with its unique merits, drawbacks, and applications. Understanding these techniques and their functioning is instrumental in maximizing the therapeutic benefits of massage.

The physiological underpinnings of massage techniques are grounded on the principles of anatomy and kinesiology. The human body, with its complex network of muscles, tendons, and fascia, responds in a multitude of ways to different forms of manual manipulation. These techniques primarily target the myofascial structures and the nervous system directly, eliciting responses that lead to physical relaxation and psychological well-being.

One of the most popular techniques is Swedish massage, often considered as the 'classic' form of massage. This technique employs five fundamental strokes: effleurage (long, gliding strokes), petrissage (kneading and rolling), tapotement (percussive tapping), friction (deep, circular movements), and vibration (rapid shaking). By varying the speed, rhythm, and pressure of these strokes, a massage therapist can induce a range of responses from the body, such as increased circulation, muscle relaxation, and the release of endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers. However, the relatively gentle nature of Swedish massage means it may not be as effective for severe muscle tension or chronic pain.

For more profound and targeted relief, deep tissue massage might be the technique of choice. This method focuses on the deeper layers of muscle tissue, tendons, and fascia, utilizing slow, deliberate strokes that focus pressure on layers of muscles, tendons, or other tissues deep under your skin. The primary aim is to alleviate chronic patterns of tension in the body through slow strokes and deep pressure. Despite its effectiveness, one must bear in mind the potential for discomfort or pain during or after the session, a trade-off for the long-term benefits achieved.

Shiatsu, a technique originating from Japan, entails applying pressure to specific points along the body's meridians using the fingers, palms, and thumbs. The theoretical foundation of this technique is rooted in traditional Chinese medicine's concept of qi, or life energy. According to this belief, blockages or imbalances in the flow of qi can result in discomfort or disease. Shiatsu aims to restore the balance of qi, thus promoting health and relaxation. The research evidence supporting the efficacy of shiatsu is emerging, but it may not suit everyone, particularly those uncomfortable with the concept of qi or similar energy theories.

Another noteworthy technique is myofascial release, which focuses on releasing muscular shortness and tightness. Fascia, a thin tissue that covers all the organs and muscles, can become restricted due to overuse, trauma, or inactivity, leading to pain, muscle tension, and reduced blood flow. Through gentle, sustained pressure on the soft tissues, myofascial release aims to soften and lengthen the fascia, reducing pain and increasing range of motion. Some may find this technique uncomfortable due to the pressure applied and the potential for temporary soreness afterward.

In conclusion, the choice of technique largely depends on the individual's needs, preferences, and the massage therapist's expertise. Each method has its unique principles and effects, and it's the astute application of these techniques that elevates massage from a mere act of rubbing to a powerful tool for healing and rejuvenation. It is not a one-size-fits-all solution, and understanding the intricacies of each technique is necessary for attaining the optimum therapeutic outcomes.